Estrogen deficiency in ovariectomized rats: can resistance training re-establish angiogenesis in visceral adipose tissue?

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of resistance training on angiogenesis markers of visceral adipose tissue in ovariectomized rats. METHOD: Adult Sprague-Dawley female rats were divided into four groups (n=6 per group): sham-sedentary, ovariectomized sedentary, sham-resistance training and ovariectomized resistance training. The rats were allowed to climb a 1.1-m vertical ladder with weights attached to their tails and the weights were progressively increased. Sessions were performed three times per week for 10 weeks. Visceral adipose tissue angiogenesis and morphology were analyzed by histology. VEGF-A mRNA and protein levels were analyzed by real-time PCR and ELISA, respectively. RESULTS: Ovariectomy resulted in higher body mass (p=0.0003), adipocyte hypertrophy (p=0.0003), decreased VEGF-A mRNA (p=0.0004) and protein levels (p=0.0009), and decreased micro-vascular density (p=0.0181) in the visceral adipose tissue of the rats. Resistance training for 10 weeks was not able to attenuate the reduced angiogenesis in the visceral adipose tissue of the ovariectomized rats. CONCLUSION: Our findings indicate that the resistance training program used in this study could not ameliorate low angiogenesis in the visceral adipose tissue of ovariectomized rats.

Resistance training improves body composition and increases matrix metalloproteinase 2 activity in biceps and gastrocnemius muscles of diet-induced obese rats

OBJECTIVE: We investigated the influence of resistance training on body composition and matrix metalloproteinase 2 activity in skeletal muscles of rats fed a high-fat diet. METHODS: Thirty-two Wistar rats were divided into four experimental groups (n = 8/each) according to diet and exercise status: Control (standard diet), Obese Control (high-fat diet), Resistance Training (standard diet) and Obese Resistance Training (high-fat diet) groups. Animals were fed a high-fat diet for 12 weeks to promote excessive weight gain. Resistance Training groups performed 12 weeks of training periods after this period in a vertical ladder three times/week. Fat percentage, fat-free mass and fat mass were assessed using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry, and matrix metalloproteinase 2 activity in biceps and gastrocnemius muscles was analyzed using zymography. RESULTS: Resistance training significantly reduced body and fat masses and fat percentages in both trained groups (p<0.05). The maximal carrying load between trained groups was not different, but relative force was higher in the Resistance Training group (p<0.05). Of note, increased matrix metalloproteinase 2 activity was noted in the tested muscles of both trained groups (p<0.05). CONCLUSION: In conclusion, altered body composition and muscle matrix metalloproteinase 2 activity promoted by excessive weight gain were positively modified by resistance training. .

Efeitos do treinamento de força a longo prazo sobre parâmetros hemodinâmicos e concentração de resistina em mulheres na pós-menopausa / The effects of long term strength training on hemodynamic parameters and resistin level in postmenopausal women / Efectos del entrenamiento de fuerza a largo plazo en los parámetros hemodinámicos y concentración de resistina em mujeres posmenopausia

Investigar a influência do treinamento de força (TF) sobre a concentração sorológica de resistina e pressão arterial de mulheres na pós-menopausa. Métodos: Estudo longitudinal, realizado na Universidade Federal de São Carlos, do qual participaram 23 mulheres sedentárias na pós-menopausa. O TF apresentou duração de 13 meses (dez/2008 a jan/2010), com duas sessões semanais, cada uma consistindo em três séries de 8-12 repetições máximas e um exercício para cada grupo muscular principal. Foi avaliada a força muscular máxima nos seguintes exercícios: supino, leg press 45° e flexão do cotovelo em pé. A concentração sérica de resistina foi determinada pelo método ELISA. No processamento estatístico, utilizou-se o ANOVA (com medidas repetidas) para comparar os momentos Pré, 6 meses e 13 meses (p<0,05). Para avaliar as correlações resistina × pressão arterial, resistina × força muscular e força × pressão arterial, utilizou-se o teste de correlação de Pearson. Resultados: As mulheres apresentaram o seguinte perfil antropométrico: 61,33±3,8 anos; estatura de 148,5±32,7 cm; massa corporal de 67,56±10,85 kg. O TF induziu a redução da concentração de resistina (30272,4±8100,1 versus 16350,6±2404,6 pg/mL) e pressão arterial sistólica (120,5±11,8 versus 115,8±1,6 mmHg), e o aumento da força muscular no leg press 45o (172,3±27,3 versus 348,6±40,8 kg), supino (31,9±4,1 versus 41,8±5,6 kg) e flexão docotovelo (21,0±2,4 versus 26,5±2,9 kg) após os 13 meses (p<0,05). Conclusão: Os resultados deste estudo revelaram que o TF a longo prazo aumenta a força muscular máxima, diminui a pressão arterial sistólica e os níveis séricos da resistina ? alterações fisiológicas benéficas para a redução do risco de doenças cardiovasculares em mulheres na pós-menopausa...

Investigate the influence of strength training (ST) on serum resistin levels and blood pressure of postmenopausal women. Methods: Longitudinal study conducted at the Federal University of São Carlos with twenty-three sedentary postmenopausal women. The ST lasted 13 months (Dec./2008 to Jan./2010) and consisted of two weekly sessions with three sets of 8-12 maximum repetitions and one exercise for each main muscle group. Maximum muscular strength was tested in the following exercises: bench press, 45° leg press, and standing arm curl. Serum resistin level was determined using the ELISA method. ANOVA (with repeated measures) was used for the comparisons between periods Pre-, 6 months and 13 months (p < 0.05); Pearson?s correlation test was used to evaluate the correlations between resistin × blood pressure, resistin × muscle strength and strength × blood pressure. Results: Women presented the following anthropometric profile: 61.33±3.8 years; height 148.5±32.7 cm; body mass 67.56±10.85 kg. The ST decreased resistin levels (30272.4 ± 8100.1 to 16350.6 ± 2404.6 pg/mL) and systolic blood pressure (120.5 ± 11.8 to 115.8 ± 1.6 mmHg), and increased muscular strength in the leg press 45o (172.3 ± 27.3 to 348.6 ± 40.8kg), bench press (31.9 ± 4.1 to 41.8 ± 5.6 kg) and arm curl (21.0 ± 2.4 to 26.5 ± 2.9 kg) after 13 months (p < 0.05). Conclusion: The results of this study revealed that long-term ST increases maximum muscular strength, decreases systolic blood pressure and serum resistin levels, which are beneficial physiological alterations that reduce the risk for cardiovascular diseases in postmenopausal women...

Investigar la influencia del entrenamiento de fuerza (EF) sobre la concentración serológica de resistina y presión arterial em mujeres posmenopausia. Métodos: Estudio longitudinal realizado en la Universidad Federal de São Carlos en el cual participaron 23 mujeres sedentarias posmenopausia. El EF tuvo duración de 13 meses (diciembre de 2008 a enero de 2010) con dos sesiones semanales, siendo cada sesión constituida de tres series de 8-12 repeticiones máximas y un ejercicio para cada grupo muscular principal. Fue evaluada la fuerza muscular máxima en los siguientes ejercicios: supino, leg press 45° y flexión de codo de pie. La concentración sérica de resistina fue determinada por el método ELISA. En el procesamiento estadístico se utilizo ANOVA (con medidas repetidas) para las comparaciones entre los momentos pre, 6 meses y 13 meses (p < 0,05); se utilizó La prueba de correlación de Pearson para evaluar las correlaciones entre resistina × presión arterial, resistina × fuerza muscular y fuerza × presión arterial. Resultados: Las mujeres presentaron el siguiente perfil antropométrico: 61,33±3,8 años; altura 148,5±32,7 cm; masa corporal 67,56±10,85 kg. El EF llevó a La reducción de la concentración de resistina (30272,4±8100,1 versus 16350,6±2404,6 pg/mL) y presión arterial sistólica (120,5±11,8 versus 115,8±1,6 mmHg) y aumento de fuerza muscular en el leg press 45º (172,3±27,3 versus 348,6±40,8 kg), supino (31,9±4,1 versus 41,8±5,6 kg) y flexión de codo (21,0±2,4 versus 26,5±2,9 kg) después de los 13 meses (p < 0,05). Conclusión: Los resultados del estudio revelaron que el EF a largo plazo aumenta la fuerza muscular máxima, disminuye la presión arterial sistólica y los niveles séricos de la resistina, alteraciones fisiológicas benéficas para la reducción del riesgo de enfermedades cardiovasculares em mujeres posmenopausia...